19世纪末20世纪初，在物理科学领域里面，科学家遇到了一系列经典物理所

19世纪末20世纪初，
在物理科学领域里面，
科学家遇到了一系列经典物理所无法解释的问题，
这些问题被看成是“晴朗太空的几朵乌云”，
如黑体辐射、光电效应等等。
正是这些问题推到了量子革命的到来，普朗克、爱因斯坦、玻尔等一系列
天才科学家在经历了很多困难后奠定了量子力学的基石。随后德布罗意提出了物质
波的概念，物质波为一种概率波，概率的大小受波动规律的支配，指在某个时刻某
个空间中某点可能出现的几率。量子理论的观点认为物质没有一个确定的位置，在
宏观上，它所表现出的位置其实是对几率波函数的平均值，在测量之前，它所在的
位置不确定，而一旦进行测量，我们就可以得到它的平均值和确定的位置。薛定
谔提出了表象理论、不确定关系等一系列概念进一步完善了量子理论[1]。对量子
理论的进一步研究过程中，从量子力学的提出到纠缠量子态[2-5]应用到量子信息系
统[6-7]，再到二次革命-量子场论[8-11]的提出，量子场论多应用于凝聚态物理和粒
子物理学科，主要为粒子产生和湮灭[12-13]的多粒子系统的描述提供了非常有效的
框架。随后科学家们提出了原子激发和原子的辐射，即原子除了有基态之外还有激
发态，电子位于激发态时是不稳定的，容易吸收光子而跃迁到高能态，也会辐射
出光子而返回到低能态或者基态。随着物理科学的发展，Mollow等物理学家最先
提出在激光场的作用下，二能级原子辐射共振荧光谱，其标准谱线为三峰结构：
一个中心峰和两个对称的边锋。而后人们围绕着Mollow激光谱[14-20]的理论，拓展
了V 型、Λ型和级联型原子辐射出的荧光谱。

النتائج (الإنجليزية) 1:

Late 19th century and early 20th century,In the field of physical science,Scientists have encountered a series of problems cannot be explained by classical physics,These issues are considered to be "clear a few clouds in space"Such as black body radiation, photoelectric effect, and so on.It is precisely these issues to the advent of the quantum revolution, Planck, Einstein, glass such as a series ofGenius scientist, after a lot of difficulties laid the cornerstone of quantum mechanics. Broglie then presented the materialWave concept of matter waves as a probability wave, the probability of fluctuation of control, at any momentLikelihood of a space of a point in May. Quantum theory point of view, is that the material does not have a definite position,Macroscopically, the position is demonstrated by its probability wave function, on average, before the measurement, in which it isPosition uncertainty, and once measured, we can get it the average and determine the location. Xue DingSchrodinger proposed representation theory, the uncertainty relation of quantum theory has been further perfected and a series of concepts [1]. On quantumFurther study on theory of process, from the up and entangled quantum state of quantum mechanics [2-5] applied to the Department of quantum informationCommission [6-7], then to the second revolution-quantum field theory [8-11] suggested that the quantum field theory applied to condensed matter physics and particle sizePhysics disciplines, mainly for particle production and annihilation [12-13] description of the many-particle system provides a very effectiveFramework. Then scientists have made radiation of excited atoms and atoms, that is, except for the ground state of the atom there stressStates of electrons in excited States are unstable and easily absorb the photon and jump energy, and radiationA photon and returned to the base state of low energy or. With the development of physical science, Mollow physicists such as firstProposed under the effect of the laser field, two-level atoms resonance fluorescence spectrum of radiation, and a standard spectral lines at three peaks:A central peak and two symmetrical wing. Then encompassing Mollow laser spectroscopy [14-20] theories, expandV-type lambda and cascade of fluorescence spectra of atomic radiation.

النتائج (الإنجليزية) 2:

Late 19th and early 20th century,
in which the physical sciences,
scientists have encountered a series of classical physics can not explain the problem,
the problem is seen as a "clear space Jiduo clouds",
such as blackbody radiation, photoelectric effect, and so on.
It is these issues to the arrival of the quantum revolution, Planck, Einstein, Bohr and a series of
talented scientists experienced many difficulties after laying the cornerstone of quantum mechanics. Italy made ​​with Houdebuluo matter
wave concept, matter waves as a probability wave, the size of the laws of probability dominated by volatility means at some point a
chance of a point may appear a space. Quantum theory point of view there is no substance considered a definite position in
the macro, it is actually showing the location of the mean of the probability wave function, prior to measurement, it in the
position of uncertainty, but once the measurement, we where it can be obtained and the average value determined. Schr
dinger proposed representation theory, the concept of a series of uncertain relationship to further improve the quantum theory [1]. Quantum
theory of the process of further research, from quantum mechanics to make entangled quantum states [2-5] apply to the Department of quantum information
systems [6-7], to the second revolution - a quantum field theory [8-11] of proposed that quantum field theory and more used in condensed matter physics and grain
sub-physics, mainly for particle creation and annihilation [12-13] describe a multi-particle system provides a very efficient
framework. Then scientists have proposed atomic excitation and radiation atoms, ie atoms than there are in addition to the ground state excited
state when issued, the electronic excited state is unstable located, easily absorbed photon transition to the high-energy state, will radiate
a photon Return to the lower energy state, or ground state. With the development of the physical sciences, Mollow and other physicists first
proposed under the action of the laser field, the two-level atom resonance fluorescence spectrum of the radiation, the standard line of triplet structure:
a central peak and two symmetrical winger. Then people around Mollow laser spectroscopy [14-20] theory, expanding
the V-type, Λ type and cascade out of the fluorescence spectrum of atomic radiation.

النتائج (الإنجليزية) 3:

At the end of nineteenth Century and early twentieth Century, in which the physical sciences,
scientists encountered a series of problems can not be explained by classical physics,
these problems can be regarded as "a few clouds sunny space", such as the photoelectric effect. The blackbody radiation, etc..
it is these problems to the quantum revolution, Planck, Einstein, Bohr and so on a series of
genius scientist laid the foundations of quantum mechanics in experienced a lot of difficulties. Then De Broglie put forward the concept of material
wave, wave is a kind of probability wave, the probability of the fluctuation dominated, a chance at a time of a point in a space of a
possible.Quantum theory of the view that material does not have a definite position, in
the macro, it displays the position is the average of the probability values of the wave function, before measuring, the
location uncertainty, once the measurement, we can obtain the average value and position. Ding Xue
e the representation theory, uncertainty relation and a series of concepts to further improve the quantum theory [1]. Further study on the quantum
theory, from quantum mechanics to quantum entanglement state of [2-5] is applied to the quantum information system
system [6-7], and then to put forward the two revolution - quantum field theory [8-11],Quantum field theory is often used in condensed matter physics and particle physics
sub, particle system and annihilation of [12-13] mainly particles provides a framework is very effective. Then the scientists put forward radiation excitation of atoms and atomic ground state, in addition to bowel
state, is located in the excited state is unstable, easy to absorb photons and the transition to the high-energy state, will also be radiation
photons and return to the lower energy state or ground state. With the development of physics, physicists first proposed Mollow in the laser field, radiation of two level atom resonance fluorescence spectrum, the standard line for the three peak structure:
A central peak and two symmetrical wing. Then the people around Mollow laser spectrum of [14-20] theory, the fluorescence of V type, expand
lambda and cascade atomic radiation spectrum.